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What is the analemma? With a few simple animations the analemma can be readily understood...
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Analemma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Plotting the sub-solar point at the same time each day should yield an analemma, the figure-eight shape on a globe that expresses the sun's declination and the equation of time.
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To see how this figure-8 pattern originates, let's consider how the making of this picture has been affected by the annual apparent motion of the sun along the ecliptic. For simplicity, we'll suppose that all the exposures are made at exactly 8:30 am Eastern standard time. ... Set the analemma curve upright, and it becomes...
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By the end of the 18th century, the analemma figure eight curve we all are familiar with (see figure #1) was being added to the meridiana so that mean time could be determined from Sun time. The figure eight curve corrected Sun time to mean time.
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But up and down alone does not make a figure-eight. ... Why is the analemma fatter on the bottom? Its because in addition to the apparent speed changes described above, there are real speed changes attributed to a completely separate issue: the earth's orbit is elliptical.
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Now all the elements are in place to explain the analemma's figure eight configurations. The tilt of Earth's orbital axis causes the Sun to appear higher and lower in the sky at different times of year; this forms the vertical axis of the eight.
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