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In the second half of the twentieth century a mechanism of sunspot formation was proposed which accounts for much of their observed behavior. To begin with, the Sun does not rotate as a rigid body; the polar regions rotate somewhat more slowly than the equator.
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science.jrank.org/pages/6611/Sunspots-Causes.html
science.jrank.org/pages/6611/Sunspots-Causes.html
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Even since the sunspot cycle was discovered, a few people have been trying to prove that it is caused by the influence of the planets, particularly Jupiter with its 11.86-year period. A century of various correlations has convinced almost no one.
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www.science-frontiers.com/sf031/sf031p04.htm
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The photosphere often has dark spots on it. The spots are sunspots. They were first observed by Galileo when he looked at the Sun with ... The sunspot is relatively cool because convective motion of the gas, which brings new, hot, gas to the surface, is inhibited. ... Here is a picture showing the details of a sunspot group.
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zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Sun/sunspots.html
zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Sun/sunspots.html
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Abstract: This research investigates the structure and cause of sunspot penumbra. The investigators use an inversion of data that couple high spatial resolution, high spectral resolution, and the full polarization state of light from the solar photosphere.
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www.sciencestorm.com/award/9710782.html
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Author info | Abstract | Publisher info | Download info | Related research | Statistics ... Additional information is available for the following registered author(s): ... To our knowledge, this item is not available for download. To find whether it is available, there are three options: 1. Check below under "Related...
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ideas.repec.org/p/wop/humbsf/2002-35.html
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We find that the model, driven only by these measured sunspot shocks, can explain well the entire Depression era; that is, the decline from 1929-32, the subsequent slow recovery and the recession that occurred in 1937-38.
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ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/3267.html
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History and images of sunspots. ... This resource will allow you to explore the nature of sunspots and the fascinating history of our efforts to understand them. Included here are interviews with solar physicists and archeoastronomers, historic images, modern NASA images and movies, and a sunspot research activity.
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www.exploratorium.edu/sunspots/
www.exploratorium.edu/sunspots/
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; DP3267 Did Sunspot Forces Cause the Great Depression? ... We find that the model, driven only by these measured sunspot shocks, can explain well the entire Depression era; that is, the decline from 1929-32, the subsequent slow recovery and the recession that occurred in 1937-38.
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www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP3267.asp
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In other words, in addition to technology shocks, sunspot shocks, which reflect agents' self-fulfilling expectations can serve as a primary impulse behind fluctuations. We estimate both shocks using U.S. data. The model-consistent sunspot, or belief shock, is calculated using data on asset returns.
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eh.net/pipermail/abstracts/2006-March/000711.html
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