Confounding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In statistics, a confounding variable (also confounding factor , lurking variable , a confound , or confounder ) is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (positively ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding
A confounding factor in a study is a variable which is related to one or more of the variables defined in a study. A confounding factor may mask an actual association or falsely demonstrate an apparent association between the study variables where no real association between them exists.
www.greenfacts.org/glossary/abc/confounding-factor.htm www.greenfacts.org/glossary/abc/confounding-factor.htm
It could, however, be due to some confounding factor such as differences in ambient illumination that result from unnoticed differences in the orientation of each room with respect to the sun. In any experiment an appropriate statistical test can help in the decision as to whether or not to attribute the results to...
www.animatedsoftware.com/statglos/sgconfnd.htm
Confounding Factor (games company) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Confounding Factor was a British video games company founded in 1997 by Toby Gard and Paul Douglas, both of Core Design, and based in Bristol, UK. The company only released a single title during its ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding_Factor_(games_company... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding_Factor_(games_company)
These distorting factors are called confounding factors or variables. A hypothetical example would be a study of coffee drinking and lung cancer. If coffee drinkers were also more likely to be cigarette smokers, and the study measured coffe...
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Experiments can be full of confounding factors. One common type of confounding factor is called an artifact: this is some aspect of the study process itself that produces results independent of what we are testing.
faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/Majors101Book/Chapter_01-... faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/Majors101Book/Chapter_01-The_Basics/02-Scientific_Method.htm
In this case, illness was a confounding factor that had not been considered by the CDC. While it may seem obvious in retrospect, it can, when designing a study, be difficult to anticipate every possible confounder.
www.stats.org/in_depth/faq/confounding_factors.htm www.stats.org/in_depth/faq/confounding_factors.htm
Residual confounding (confounding that remains even after adjustment for various socioeconomic and lifestyle factors) is one explanation that has been offered for these divergent results.
aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/166/12/1451
bias (epidemiology); cohort studies; confounding factors (epidemiology); ... (23) showed in 1996 that women who elect to use HRT have a better cardiovascular risk factor profile prior to HRT use than women who subsequently do not use this treatment during menopause. Persson et al. (24) also called attention to the important...
aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1451
; Interventional trials with vitamin E have been planned on the assumption that it could reduce atherosclerotic progression via inhibition of oxidative stress. These trials have been conducted in patients at risk for or with cardiovascular ... Statin Treatment as a Confounding Factor in Human Trials with Vitamin E1,2...
jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/138/6/1179
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