Crustal deformation can be observed as relative movement of points on the Earth's surface, ground tilt, ground strain, and fault slip (creep). We routinely measure these and other parameters that reflect this deformation.
quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/deformation/index.html quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/deformation/index.html
The measurements provide a near real-time record of the related crustal deformation before, during and after events. The goal is to better understand these natural processes, and use these data to reduce the earthquake and volcanic hazards associated with them.
quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/deformation/monitoring/index... quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/deformation/monitoring/index.html
Deformation of rock involves changes in the shape and/or volume of these substances. Changes in shape and volume occur when stress and strain causes rock to buckle and fracture or crumple into folds. A fold can be defined as a bend in rock that is the response to compressional forces.
www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html
The relationship between stress and deformation is shown in stress-strain diagrams like those below. The reaction of rock material to an imposed stress depends on the temperature and pressure conditions. As stress is imposed on rock it starts to deform up to its yield point.
www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/tecton... www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/tectonics_landforms/deformation.html
Deformation refers to the changes in volume or shape of a body of rock ... Elastic deformation - changes in shape of rock are reversible. Deform it, remove the stress, and it returns to its original shape (like a rubber band or a piece of elastic) ... Crustal Deformation and Folds...
facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/crustaldeform.ph... facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/crustaldeform.php
Welcome to the homepage of the Crustal Deformation and Fault Mechanics research group at Stanford University! ... For the past decade the head of our group, Paul Segall, has taught a course called Crustal Deformation. The two-quarter sequence develops the theoretical models that are most widely used in modeling...
pangea.stanford.edu/research/CDFM/
Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison ... Revisions to the Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale ... Cenozoic Plate Motions...
www.agu.org/revgeophys/demets01/demets01.html
Kristine M. Larson ... Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA ... GPS measurements of crustal deformation in Guerrero, southern Mexico, include surveys collected between 1992 and 2001 as well as continuous GPS measurements at a few sites.
www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2003JB002843.shtml
6 First Crustal Deformation Monitoring Center, China Seismological Bureau, Tianjin 300180, China. 7 School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. 8 Department of Surveying Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China.
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/5542/574
The deformation included two major northeast-trending zones of uplift and subsidence situated between the Aleutian Trench and the Aleutian Volcanic Arc; ... The seaward zone is one in which uplift of as much as 10 meters on land and 15 meters on the sea floor has occurred as a result of both crustal warping and local faulting.
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/148/3678/1675