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Three centuries ago, the English scientist Isaac Newton calculated, from his studies of planets and the force of gravity, that the average density of the Earth is twice that of surface rocks and therefore that the Earth's interior must be composed of much denser material.
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pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/
pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/
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The Earth's Interior ... Both P and S waves refract or reflect at points where layers of differing physical properties meet. They also reduce speed when moving through hotter material. These changes in direction and velocity are the means of locating discontinuities.
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www.solarviews.com/eng/earthint.htm
www.solarviews.com/eng/earthint.htm
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The upper mantle makes up 10.3% of the Earth's mass, extending a depth of 6-250 miles (10-400 kilometers). A relatively large portion when compared to the other interior layers. This layer is not completely made of solid minerals for scientists speculate that the asthenosphere could be partly liquid molten.
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library.thinkquest.org/28327/html/universe/solar_system...
library.thinkquest.org/28327/html/universe/solar_system/planets/earth/interior/layers_of_earth.html
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Geophysics, which studies the physics of the Earth, has led to many significant discoveries about the Earth and its make-up. Seismologic studies of the Earth have uncovered new information about the interior of the Earth that has helped to give credence to plate tectonic theory.
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scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate1.htm
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© The Regents of the University of Michigan. Windows to the Universe® is a registered trademark of UCAR. All Rights Reserved. Site policies and disclaimer...
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www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Interior_Structur...
www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Interior_Structure/earth_cutbk.html
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Earth, the largest rocky planet, was formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The Earth's interior is divided into four layers which is typical of rocky planets. It is cool on the surface but very hot deep inside the planet.
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www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Interior_Structur...
www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Interior_Structure/overview.html&edu=elem
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2 It might look like the earth, as we see it in photographs from space. Now, if you slice this little model of the earth in half, you can see the layers that it is made of. ... The Earth's Interior ; Reading Level ;
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www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_24_44.html
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www.mc.maricopa.edu/~vanderhoeven/Earthinterior.htm
www.mc.maricopa.edu/~vanderhoeven/Earthinterior.htm
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Origin of Earth ... Earth's History and Evolution ... ¥ Gravity - High pressure at center of earth...
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www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jmartin/Oceanography/earths_orig...
www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jmartin/Oceanography/earths_origin.html
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