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Once the wind sets surface waters in motion as a current, the Coriolis effect, Ekman transport, and the configuration of the ocean basin modify the speed and direction of the current. In this section, we consider the forces involved in the coupling of wind and ocean surface waters.
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oceanmotion.org/html/background/ocean-in-motion.htm
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Ekman transport and the waves and more about beaches ... In order to understand the term Ekman transport it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the concept known as Ekman spiral. The Ekman spiral is a theoretical model of the effect on water of wind blowing over the ocean.
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www.schonwalder.org/The/Ekman.htm
www.schonwalder.org/The/Ekman.htm
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The Ekman spiral and Ekman transport are named for Swedish scientist V. Walfrid Ekman who first described the spiral in 1905. To help him make a mathematical model of these movements, Ekman used the observations that Fridtjof Nansen made while frozen into the Arctic sea ice.
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www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Water/ekman.html
www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Water/ekman.html
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Britannica online encyclopedia article on Ekman transport (oceanography), ...layer moves at an angle of 90° to the wind; this movement is to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere and to its left in the Southern Hemisphere. ... This phenomenon is called Ekman transport, and its effects are widely observed...
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www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181660/Ekman-transpo...
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181660/Ekman-transport
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Oceanographic Engineering of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Oceanographers have long sought to verify the theoretical Ekman transport relation, which predicts that a steady wind stress acting together with the Coriolis force will produce...
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www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/238/4833/1534
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3. Coriolis and Ekman Transport ... Ekman Transport Water in the ocean can be divided roughly into three regions based on density: surface water, the pycnocline, and deep water. The pycnocline (also called the thermocline or halocline: recall that seawater density (pycno) is determined by temperature (thermo) and...
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www.e-education.psu.edu/earth540/content/c4_p3.html
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n Surface currents are deflected by the Coriolis; ... Ekman forces along the shoreline ... Stream Transport...
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www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~steiner/ekman.htm
www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~steiner/ekman.htm
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3-Nov-01: Rotation of Current ... Rotation of Current ... n Layers that move;
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www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~steiner/ekman_files/slide0006.ht...
www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~steiner/ekman_files/slide0006.htm
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Satellite ocean vector wind measurements are used to describe onshore-offshore Ekman transport and Ekman pumping/suction (i.e., downward/upward velocity) in the coastal ocean at 15°S off Peru, where upwelling is the dominant physical process.
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www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001GL014097.shtml
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