Glaciers flow as a result of the gravity deforming the ice and pulling it downhill. The deformation makes glacial flow resemble rivers of Ice.
gemini.oscs.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/systems1/
This is a picture of the velocity flow lines of the ice in the Jakobshavn Glacier. The red lines are for ice and markers from the year 1992, and the blue lines are for ice and markers from the year 2000.
www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/analogwebsite/Unde... www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/analogwebsite/UndergradProjects2005/MHE_416_2005/html/examples.html
Sudden surges in glacial velocity, such as seen in the Jakobshavn Glacier in East Greenland, have been attributed to the collapse of an ice shelf, which reduces the buttressing force at the toe of the glacier. ... Modeling of Glacial Flow at the Margins Using Flubber as an Analog;
www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/Unde... www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2005/MHE_416_2005/html/index.html
Ice depth and bedrock angle influence the rate of glacial flow. Glaciers contain two zones of ice flow. The zone of plastic flow, ice closest to the bedrock, experiences extreme pressure from the weight of the ice above and conforms to the anomalies in the bedrock.
www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/forest_facts/resources/geolog... www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/forest_facts/resources/geology/icefields.htm
II) FLOW CALCULATION A glacial survey team is studying a simple valley glacier of uniform slope. They use a line of measurements equally spaced up the centerline of the glacier to evaluate the glacier's mass balance.
www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/labs/flowvellab2.htm www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/labs/flowvellab2.htm
USGS Home ; Contact USGS ; Search USGS ... Coastal & Marine Geology InfoBank ... Glacial Deposits...
walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/programs/html/school/keypag... walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/programs/html/school/keypage/glacial_flow.html
Glacial flow indicators include striations, grooves, rat tails, crescentic gouges and fractures, chattermarks, roches moutonnées, bedrock steps and crag-and-tails. These features are thought to have been formed by the scouring action of sliding basal ice.
gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/surf/kivalliq/photo1_e.php
and Jansson, K.N. Date : 2002. Title : Glacial flow chronology at Lac Aux Goelands, north-eastern Quebec. Publication : Glacial Erosion Zonation - Perspectives on Topography, Landforms, Processes and Time.
cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/ClarhallGlacialWe.html cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/ClarhallGlacialWe.html
Here we present an interferometry method that combines observations from descending and ascending satellite orbits which, assuming ice flow parallel to the topographic surface, allows us to use the differing view angles to estimate full three-dimensional surface flow patterns.
www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/34635
In both cases, ice flow strongly affects the distribution of marine ice. Flowing ice probably carries enough latent heat and freshwater to significantly affect the ... We speculate that flowing marine ice, rather than continental ice sheets, may be the erosive agent that created some Neoproterozoic glacial deposits.
www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JC001471.shtml