There are two types of proliferation, horizontal and vertical. Horizontal proliferation refers to nuclear weapons states transferring nuclear weapons, technology or materials to nuclear or non-nuclear entities.
www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2004/03/26_road-prolilfera... www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2004/03/26_road-prolilferation.htm
The agreement outlined a 10-year program during which the United States, South Korea and Japan would construct two new proliferation-resistant, light-water-moderated nuclear reactors in the DPRK in exchange for the shutting down of all its existing nuclear facilities.
www.nti.org/h_learnmore/npttutorial/glossary.html
The horizontal proliferation has over the last 50 years covered nine countries (the U.S., the Soviet Union, Britain, France, China, Israel, South Africa, India and Pakistan). The collapse of the Soviet Union produced four new nuclear states (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan).
eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/7/531.html
European; Organization for Nuclear; Research ... ; "Preventing Horizontal Proliferation, Ridding the World of Nuclear Weapons" ; Francesco Calogero ; 14 Feb 2001; ... Sorry, You really do need frames to use the plug-in player and synchronized multi-media. Try detached video.
wlap.physics.lsa.umich.edu/cern/lectures/academ/2001/ca... wlap.physics.lsa.umich.edu/cern/lectures/academ/2001/calogero/03/real/f001.htm
What is horizontal proliferation? Will horizontal proliferation increase or decrease in the future?. ... The solution provides a concise and comprehensive discusion of the idea of Horizontal proliferation as it relates to the distribution and availablity of WMD and other such weapons used in conflict betwen states & nations.
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The subject of this presentation is horizontal proliferation, which immediately raises the first question: To what extent can horizontal proliferation be distinguished from vertical proliferation? In other words, how far a strong mutual dependency between the two exists?
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Horizontal proliferation is primarily a political issue and is related only marginally to uranium power development. ... Restrictions of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act on the supply of equipment and fuel by the United States appear to have induced, in some nonnuclear weapons states, the building of small-scale...
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/224/4652/952
ISN
The ISN is a leader in the international relations and security community as a provider of comprehensive, balanced, and timely information. ... Costs of War: Cracks in the Edifice ... Security Watch; 17 Nov 2009...
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The Bishops' Pastoral Letter of 1983, The Challenge of Peace, presents the indisputable claim that the arms race should be stopped and disarmament begun. ... The first is the issue of "horizontal proliferation" of nuclear weapons; the second is that of "unauthorized use" of nuclear weapons (NCCB, 1983:65). Both are germane...
www.wright.edu/~gordon.welty/UDResponds_84.htm
(vi) The implications of vertical and horizontal proliferation of this technology and the need for an adequate political response by the EU, to ensure it neither threatens civil liberties in Europe, nor reaches the hands of tyrants.
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