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The flanks of the Black Hills are covered with rocks which formed between 500 and 100 million years ago. These rocks have been completely eroded away in the area of the Memorial but they can be seen on any of the roads heading away from the central Black Hills.
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www.nps.gov/moru/park_history/geology.htm
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The oldest rocks in South Dakota’s Black Hills are Precambrian-era igneous and metamorphic rocks, which formed under heat and pressure nearly 2 billion years ago.
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www.nps.gov/jeca/geology.htm
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The Black Hills were formed when an wide-scale uplift pushed igneous and crystalline metamorphic deposits through overlying sedimetary deposits. The resultant activity formed a oval-shaped dome with the central core composed of granites and metamorphic materials.
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plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/Soils_and_Ag/Black_Hills/...
plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/Soils_and_Ag/Black_Hills/Parent_Materials_Geology/parent_materials_geology.htm
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A Short History of the Black Hills ... Strange and rare mineral were brought near the surface, or formed in the compressed and super-heated rock.
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www.dakotakid.net/history/pglhs/bh_history/history_intr...
www.dakotakid.net/history/pglhs/bh_history/history_intro.htm
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Mato Paha or Bear Mountain is the Lakota name given to Bear Butte State Park. ... This geological formation is one of several intrusions of igneous rock in the Black Hills that formed millions of years ago. From the 4,426 foot summit, you can view four states. The mountain is sacred to many American Indian tribes who come...
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www.blackhillsbadlands.com/home/thingstodo/parksmonumen...
www.blackhillsbadlands.com/home/thingstodo/parksmonuments/stateparks/bearbuttestatepark
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Black Hills - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small, isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending i...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills
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The Black Hills uplift formed as an elongated dome about 60 to 65 million years ago. The oldest geologic units in the study area are the Precambrian crystalline (igneous and metamorphic) rocks (not shown in fig. 1), which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills, extending from near Lead to south of Custer.
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pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs04602/
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