This page describes Seligman's learned helplessness theory of depression. Weiss' alternative explanation of helplessness - the motor activation deficit hypothesis is presented. An experimental test of both theories is described. Compare and contrast learned helplessness and depression...
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www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year2/psy221depression...
www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year2/psy221depression/psy221depression.htm
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The theory of learned helplessness was then extended to human behavior, providing a model for explaining depression, a state characterized by a lack of affect and feeling. Depressed people became that way because they learned to be helpless.
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www.noogenesis.com/malama/discouragement/helplessness.h...
www.noogenesis.com/malama/discouragement/helplessness.html
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"Learned helplessness" offered a model to explain human depression, in which apathy and submission prevail, causing the individual to rely fully on others for help. This can result when life circumstances cause the individual to experience life choices as irrelevant.
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wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Learned_Helplessness
wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Learned_Helplessness
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Behavioral depression or learned helplessness (LH) refers to the behavioral consequences of exposure to stressful events over which the organism has no control (Maier and Seligman, 1976 ;
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www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/23/7/2889
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Serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are implicated in mediating learned helplessness (LH) behaviors, such as poor escape responding and expression of exaggerated conditioned fear, induced by acute exposure to uncontrollable stress. Key words: exercise; depression; anxiety; c-Fos;
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www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/7/2889
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Seligman, M.E.P. (1972). Learned helplessness and depression. Proceedings of The XVIIth International Congress of Applied Psychology. Brussels: Editest. Miller, W.R. and Seligman, M.E.P. (1973). Learned helplessness, depression and the perception of reinforcement. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 62-73.
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www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/lh.htm
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Oct 4, 2002 Depression and learned helplessness will not become the norm, as they do when you set out to make others your project rather than yourself.
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www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1930
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Learned helplessness is a severe problem and needs to be fixed. The causes are by how parents and or teachers respond to children's Seligman, Martin E. P. (1975). Learned helplessness: Depression, development and death. W. H. Freeman: New York Stipek, D. E. P. (1988). Motivation to learning. Allyn & Bacon: Boston.
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ematusov.soe.udel.edu/final.paper.pub/_pwfsfp/00000062....
ematusov.soe.udel.edu/final.paper.pub/_pwfsfp/00000062.htm
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Baucom, Sayers and Tierney (1993) stated that women with low masculinity are more susceptible to learned helplessness in relation to depression. It was found that learned helplessness cold lead people into depression.
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ematusov.soe.udel.edu/final.paper.pub/_pwfsfp/0000007e....
ematusov.soe.udel.edu/final.paper.pub/_pwfsfp/0000007e.htm
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