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Formulation of the Principle. Classical formulations of the principle of double effect require that four conditions be met if the action in question is to be morally permissible: first, that the action contemplated be in itself either morally good or morally indifferent;
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www.saintmarys.edu/~incandel/doubleeffect.html
www.saintmarys.edu/~incandel/doubleeffect.html
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Later versions of the double effect principle all emphasize the distinction between causing a morally grave harm as a side effect of pursuing a good end and causing a harm as a means of pursuing a good end.
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plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-effect/
plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-effect/
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For in such a case the third condition for the proper use of the principle of the double effect would be lacking. The relief to the woman would come as an effect of the abortion, not directly as an effect of the surgery.
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www.trosch.org/phi/dbl-efft.htm
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Historically, the principle of double effect is rooted in the medieval natural law tradition, especially in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225?-1274). For generations, the principle of double effect was largely confined to discussions by Roman Catholic moral theologians.
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www83.homepage.villanova.edu/richard.jacobs/MPA%208300/...
www83.homepage.villanova.edu/richard.jacobs/MPA%208300/theories/double%20effect.html
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Principle of Double Effect ... An action that is good in itself that has two effects--an intended and otherwise not reasonably attainable good effect, and an unintended yet foreseen evil effect--is licit, provided there is … read more...
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www.ascensionhealth.org/index.php?option=com_content&vi...
www.ascensionhealth.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=171
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Slide 11 of 15...
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academic.udayton.edu/LawrenceUlrich/1_PPTpresentationsM...
academic.udayton.edu/LawrenceUlrich/1_PPTpresentationsME/ENDOFLIFEissues/sld011.htm
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In my opinion, the authors’ conclusion regarding the uselessness of the ethical principle of double effect in palliative care does not necessarily follow from the empirical evidence they analyze. Moreover, I think that the authors misunderstood the true content of this classical ethical principle.
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www.hospicecare.com/Ethics/monthlypiece/eithics2004/pom...
www.hospicecare.com/Ethics/monthlypiece/eithics2004/pom_jan04.htm
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In this article Richard Griffith outlines the changes to the law relating to controlled drugs and calls for a clarification of the principle of double effect, to ensure patients in intractable pain receive the analgesia they require to manage their pain and district nurses avoid liability and prosecution under the law...
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www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17044250
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Indirect euthanasia has often been justified by the doctrine of double effect (Thomas Aquinas), which I argue contains a logical fallacy. This rule does not allow foreseen and unwanted adverse effects of an action to occur when they are avoidable.
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www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/12708098
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