It was not until the Caliphate passed to 'Uthman, who ruled somewhat degenerately and was a member of the Umayya family, ... This is not to say that the Umayyad caliphate was not unmarred by degeneracy and downright cruelty. But the Umayyads seem to be fairly uninterested in religious questions or the religious obligations...
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Umayyad.ht... www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Umayyad.html
Umayyad Caliphate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: ‎, Banu Umayyah ) was the second of the four Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate
The first line of Umayyads were the Sufyanids (descendants of Abu Sufyan) who ruled from 661- 684. Under Muawiya (661-680) the capital of the Muslim empire was transferred to Damascus. ... The Umayyad Caliphate, A.A. Dixon, London 1970...
www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/umayyads.htm www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/umayyads.htm
Encyclopedia article of caliphat at Reference.com compiled from comprehensive and current sources. ... The Abbasid dynasty (749-1258) is sometimes called the caliphate of Baghdad. One Umayyad, Abd ar-Rahman I, escaped the general massacre of his family and fled to Spain; ... Who ruled after the...
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Muhammad in Mecca; Muhammad in Medina at War 622-628; Muhammad Triumphant 628-632; Qur'an and Hadith; Islamic Wars in the Near East 632-661; Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 ... After the Judean revolts were crushed by the Roman empire in the first and second centuries CE, many Jews fled to this region. Palmyra was destroyed in 271...
www.san.beck.org/AB13-MuhammadandIslam.html
After the death of Muhammad in 632, ... However, following the assassination of cAli ibn Abi Talib—Muhammad's cousin, son-in-law, and fourth caliph (r. 656–61)—in 661, Mucawiya, the governor of Syria under the Rightly Guided Caliphs, seized power and established the Umayyad caliphate, the first Islamic dynasty...
www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/umay/hd_umay.htm
The years 738-745/121-127, which this volume covers, saw the outbreak in Syria of savage internecine struggles between prominent members of the Umayyad family, which had ruled the Islamic world since 661/41. After the death of the caliph Hisham in 743-/125, the process of decay at ... 26 : The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate:
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After Ali's murder in 661, Muawiyah - the governor of Syria during the early Arab conquests, a kinsman of Uthman, Under his governorship Syria became the most prosperous province of the caliphate. ... The Umayyad Muslims established a military government in Syria and used the country primarily as a base of operations.
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